Operators

Built in operators

All common arithmetic operators are provided by the StandardOperatorTable. Boolean operators are also fully supported. Relational and logical operators (>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=, !) are evaluated as Boolean types (either Boolean.TRUE or Boolean.FALSE).

The following table shows the operators in order of precedence. A check mark indicates that the operator can be used with the specific type of variable. Refer to the grammar for detailed information on the operator precedence.

    Double Complex String Vector
Power ^ Check Check    
Boolean Not ! Check      
Unary Plus, Unary Minus +x, -x Check Check    
Dot product, cross product ., ^^       Check
Modulus % Check      
Division / Check Check   Check
Multiplication * Check Check   Check
Addition, Subtraction +, - Check Check Check (only +) Check
Less or Equal, More or Equal <=, >= Check   Check  
Less Than, Greater Than <, > Check   Check  
Not Equal, Equal !=, == Check Check Check  
Boolean And && Check      
Boolean Or || Check      
Assignment = Check Check Check Check
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Adding operators

Both supplied parsers allow new operators to be added. The configurable parser makes the process quite simple but more steps are needed for using the default JavaCC parser. In both cases, new operators should be added to the OperatorTable used by the Jep instance.

Before attempting to add an operator you should be familiar with adding a custom function to Jep. An instance PostfixMathCommandI (pfmc) is used to control how the operator is evaluated.

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Adding and manipulating operators for the configurable parser

To add operators to the configurable parser, they must first be added to the Operator table. Then the jep.reinitializeComponents() method must be called to inform the parser about the new operators. Once this is done, the parser will be able to use the new operators. It is important that the precedence and associativity of the operators has been set correctly prior to calling the method.

Modifying an existing operator

If you just wish to change the underlying PostfixMathCommandI of an operator, for example to allow it to work with a new type of value and keeping the existing precedence and associativity and symbol, then the setPFMC() method of Operator can be called. The operator can be recovered from the various get methods of the OperatorTable, for instance to change the PostfixMathCommandI of the And (&&) operator use:

jep.getOperatorTable().getAnd().setPFMC(new LazyLogical(LazyLogical.AND));

If you wish to change the symbol used to represent an operator you can use:

jep.getOperatorTable().getAnd().setSymbol("AND");
jep.reinitializeComponents();

Note the call to jep.reinitializeComponents() which is needed to inform the other components of the new symbol.

It is possible to allow alternate symbols for and operator which will be recognised by the parser. For example unicode has particular characters for the minus sign, U+2212, (−). Devices like android phones often use these symbols. Such alternate symbols can be set via the Operator.addAltSymbol(String) method. Other possible alternative characters include U+2264 less-than or equals (≤), U+2264 greater-than or equals (≥), U+00D7 multiplication sign (×), U+00F7 division sign (÷), U+2044 fraction slash (⁄) and U+2215 division slash (∕). The following code adds some common alternate symbols

Jep jep = new Jep(new StandardConfigurableParser());
jep.getOperatorTable().getUMinus().addAltSymbol("\u2212");
jep.getOperatorTable().getSubtract().addAltSymbol("\u2212");
jep.getOperatorTable().getMultiply().addAltSymbol("\u00d7");
jep.getOperatorTable().getDivide().addAltSymbol("\u00f7");
jep.reinitializeComponents();

When printing equations with an alphabetical operator symbols like "AND" its better to include spaces before and after the operator. This can be acheived by setting the setPrintSymbol(String) of the operator.

jep.getOperatorTable().getAnd().setPrintSymbol(" AND ");

Precedence and binding

Operators can either be binary operators (a+b), prefix unary operators (!a), suffix unary operators (i.e. like Java's x++ although no suffix operators are defined as standard) or ternary operators like Java's a?b:c, again not defined as standard. Static fields defining flags for each of these are defined in the Operator class, these are Operator.BINARY, Operator.UNARY, Operator.PREFIX, Operator.SUFFIX, and Operator.NARY for operators with 3 or more arguments.

The order in which operators are parsed depends on their precedence. For instance 1+2*3 is interpreted as 1+(2*3). The * operator has precedence over + (or in other words, it is "more tightly bound"). In Jep we use the convention that low values for precedence give a tighter binding, so the numeric value of the precedence of * is less than that of +. Precedences are always set in a relative manner as discussed below.

The parsing of operators also depends on their binding or associativity. This can either be left-associative (use Operator.LEFT), like = where a=b=c is interpreted as a=(b=c), or right-associative (Operator.RIGHT), like - where a-b-c is interpreted as (a-b)-c. Left or right should be specified for all binary operators. A third flag Operator.ASSOCIATIVE is used to indicate associative operators, like +, this is used by print routine to determine whether to include brackets or not.

To construct an operator the constructor public Operator(String name,PostfixMathCommandI pfmc,int flags) is used giving the symbol used for the operator, the PostfixMathCommandI used and the sum of the flags. A second constructor public Operator(String name,String symbol,PostfixMathCommandI pfmc,int flags) is used when two operators share the same symbol, for example

Operator add = new Operator("+",new Add(),
	Operator.BINARY+Operator.LEFT+Operator.ASSOCIATIVE);
Operator sub = new Operator("-",new Subtract(),
	Operator.BINARY+Operator.LEFT);
Operator mul = new Operator("*",new Multiply(),
	Operator.BINARY+Operator.LEFT+Operator.ASSOCIATIVE);
Operator div = new Operator("/",new Add(),
	Operator.BINARY+Operator.LEFT);
Operator umin = new Operator("UMinus","-",new UMinus(),
	Operator.UNARY+Operator.RIGHT+Operator.PREFIX);
Operator equals = new Operator("=",new Assign(),
	Operator.BINARY+Operator.RIGHT);

There are further flags available, these specify other mathematical properties of the operators which are not currently used. For Ternary operators use the com.singularsys.jep.configurableparser.TernaryOperator.

Adding operators to the operator table

Since version 3.3 a new com.singularsys.jep.OperatorTable2 class have been introduced. A cast is needed extract the table from the main jep instance.

OperatorTable2 table = (OperatorTable2) jep.getOperatorTable();

Each type of is given a key. For example OperatorTable2.BasicOperators.ADD is the key for the addition operator. Operators can be replaced using the replaceOperator(OperatorKey key,Operator op) and removed using removeOperator(OperatorKey key). Operators can be retrieved from the table by using Operator getOperator(OperatorKey key) To add a new operator a new key which implements OperatorTable2.OperatorKey must be defined and added to the table using one of

The first adds an operator with no precedence set, the second adds an operator with the same precedence as an existing operator, the third and forth create a new precedence level which is either before (i.e. tighter) or after (i.e. looser) than the existing operator.

// Set up the keys
public enum MyOperators implements OperatorKey {FACT,PERCENT}

// Build the operator
Operator factop = new Operator("FACT","!",
                       new Factorial(),
                       Operator.SUFFIX+Operator.UNARY+Operator.LEFT); 
Operator pcop = new Operator("PERCENT","%",
                           new Percent(),
                           Operator.SUFFIX+Operator.UNARY+Operator.LEFT);
                           
// Add operators with same precedence as the POSFIX operator                           
addOperator(FACT, factop,  getOperator(POSTFIX));
addOperator(PERCENT, pcop, getOperator(POSTFIX));
A simpler method just uses an abstract class for a key
OperatorTable2 table = (OperatorTable2) jep.getOperatorTable()
Operator op = new Operator(...);
table.addOperator(new OperatorKey(){},op);
or just
((OperatorTable2) jep.getOperatorTable()).addOperator(new OperatorKey(){},op);

Once the operators have been added, call jep.reinitializeComponents() to update the Jep instance with the new operators.

The old operator table OperatorTable is still availiable for compatability. Both tables implement the OperatorTableI interface.

Bindings and precedence for standard operators

The following is example output of the OperatorTable.toString() method.

Operator: "^-1" UDivide unary, prefix, right binding, precedence -1.
Operator: "LIST" variable number of arguments, infix, right binding, precedence -1.
Operator: "[]" variable number of arguments, infix, right binding, precedence -1.
Operator: "-" UMinus unary, prefix, right binding, precedence 0.
Operator: "+" UPlus unary, prefix, right binding, precedence 0.
Operator: "!" unary, prefix, right binding, precedence 0.
Operator: "^" binary, infix, right binding, precedence 1.
Operator: "*" binary, infix, left binding, associative, commutative, precedence 2.
Operator: "/" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 2.
Operator: "%" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 2.
Operator: "." binary, infix, left binding, precedence 2.
Operator: "^^" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 2.
Operator: "+" binary, infix, left binding, associative, commutative, precedence 3.
Operator: "-" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 3.
Operator: ">" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 4, transitive.
Operator: "<" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 4, transitive.
Operator: "<=" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 4, reflexive, transitive.
Operator: ">=" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 4, reflexive, transitive.
Operator: "==" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 5, equivalence relation.
Operator: "!=" binary, infix, left binding, precedence 5, symmetric.
Operator: "&&" binary, infix, left binding, associative, commutative, precedence 6.
Operator: "||" binary, infix, left binding, associative, commutative, precedence 7.
Operator: "=" binary, infix, right binding, precedence 8.
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Adding operators using the standard parser

Adding operators to the standard parser is currently only possible by modifying the Jep source code. To add an operator to the parser, several steps are needed:

Editing the standard parser grammar

The standard parser is created using the JavaCC parser/scanner generator. JavaCC reads the JccParser.jjt file which is written in a special language, defining the grammar. It outputs JccParser.java and some other Java files which implement the parser.

You should read some of the documentation on JavaCC and JJTree before attempting to modify the parser.

There is a three step process used to generate the parser.

  1. JJTree is run. This reads the file JccParser.jjt and creates a file JccParser.jj. The purpose of this step is to add code needed to handle Abstract Syntax Trees which are tree structures used represent a mathematical expression. As well as creating JccParser.jj it also creates some other Java files: Node.java which represents the basic node in the parser; ASTConstant.java a node representing a constant value "0" or "1", ASTVarNode.java a node representing a variable, and ASTFunNode.java a node representing a function or operator.
  2. JavaCC is run. This reads JccParser.jj and creates JccParser.java -- the actual code for implementing the Parser. JccParser.java is a very complicated file with nearly 2000 lines of code and is difficult to edit.
  3. Normal Java compilation JccParser.java and the other classes generated by JavaCC.

This process is automatically carried out when the project is built using the ANT build.xml file. It is not sufficient to simply recompile all the Java files.

Only the JccParser.jjt file should be modified, JccParser.jj and JccParser.java should not be modified as they will be overwritten during the build process. Furthermore ASTConstant.java, ASTFunNode.java, ASTStart.java, ASTVarNode.java, JavaCharStream.java, JJTParserState.java, Node.java, SimpleNode.java, ParseException.java, JccParserConstants.java, JccParserTokenManager.java, JccParseTreeConstants.java, Token.java, and TokenMgrError.java should not normally be modified as these are also automatically generated.

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Additional operator sets

The com.singularsys.jep.misc package contains two operators tables which contain additional operators: com.singularsys.jep.misc.bitwise.BitwiseOperatorTable and com.singularsys.jep.misc.javaops.JavaOperatorTable.

Standard symbol Bitwise
OperatorTable
Java
OperatorTable
Arguments
Bitwise and &
Check
Check
Integer
Bitwise or |
Check
Check
Integer
Bitwise xor[1] ^
Check
Check
Integer
Bitwise complement ~
Check
Check
Integer
Leftshift <<
Check
Check
Integer
Signed rightshift >>
Check
Check
Integer
Unsigned rightshift >>>
Check
Check
Integer
Pre-increment/decrement ++x, --x
Check
Double variable
Post-increment/decrement x++, x--
Check
Double variable
Conditional ?:
Check
Double
Assignment +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Check
Double
Bitwise assignment <=, |=, ^=, <=, >>=, >>>=
Check
Integer

Note 1: the bitwise xor operator has the same symbol as normally used for power. The constructors for the tables allow the symbol to be specified, the defaults are power (**) and xor (^). Bitwise operators and assignment convert their arguments to Integer and return arguments as java.lang.Integer. Pre and post increment/decrement operators require a variable as argument who's value will be treated as a Double.

The com.singularsys.jep.misc.nullwrapper.NullWrappedOperatorTable adds a single operator, NullSafeEquals, <=> which can compare null values.

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